Algunos feminismos radicales de c.1970, y algunos de sus hijos (bosquejo)

Advertencia. Tomé estas anotaciones principalmente de Wikipedia (a menudo fusionando fuentes) para darme un poco de contexto en mi transcripción de una clase sobre Kate Millet (Sexual Politics 1970).

1. New York Radical Women (1967-9): fundada por Robin Morgan (editora de Sisterhood is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings From The Women's Liberation Movement 1970, donde se acuña «herstory»),
   1

   También cofundadora de W.I.T.C.H. (1969), Sisterhood Is Global Institute (1984, junto Beauvoir), Women's Media Center (2005, junto a Gloria Steinem, cofundadora de la revista Ms. en 1971; ambos medios enmarcados en el feminismo liberal), etc.
   Carol Hanisch (The Personal is Political 1970, obra en la que se populariza la expresión
   2

   Liberal feminists argue that the phrase is dangerous because it erodes necessary political boundaries. This is because it can take away the importance of the public aspect of politics. It is further criticised by Hannah Arendt that, in this process of eroding political boundaries, the public space of politics is transformed into a pseudo-space of interaction which individuals no longer ‘act’ but merely behave as economic producers and consumers.
   ),
   3

   Junto Scarbrough, Atkinson y Sarachild, inicia la colecta de firmas Forbidden Discourse: The Silencing of Feminist Criticism of “Gender” 2013, donde (hasta donde he podido averiguar) se acuña la expresión «feminismo crítico de género», i.e., feminismo crítico de la teoría de género.

   La teoría de género (gender studies) parte del género como construcción social («No se nace mujer, se llega a serlo» Beauvoir El segundo sexo 1949), y se popularizó en los 1990s con la aplicación de la deconstrucción (Derrida 1967 passim) al género por parte de Butler (Performative Acts and Gender Constitution 1988, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity 1990, Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex 1993...).

   Cabe mencionar que la expresión «feminista crítica de género» también se ha visto como un rebranding de «TERF» (trans-exclusionary radical feminist, término popularizado en 2008 por la comunidad transactivista), que autoconsideraban un insulto. A este respecto, nótese que el feminismo de la segunda ola era generalmente anti-trans (cf. Wikipedia Feminist views on transgender topics, Early history), tendencia consolidada con Janice Raymond The Transsexual Empire 1979, y que no fue contestada hasta Stone The Empire Strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto 1987, que ayudó al cambio de tendencia junto con Butler y Crenshaw Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics 1989 en la constitución de la tercera ola feminista. Aun con todo, Forbidden Discourse no es la primera obra nadando en dicha dirección, cf. Jeffreys Sheila Transgender activism: a lesbian feminist perspective 1997 y Unpacking Queer Politics 2003.

   «...have been concerned for some time about the rise within the academy and mainstream media of “gender theory,” which avoids naming men and the system of male supremacy as the beneficiaries of women’s oppression. Our concern changed to alarm when we learned about threats and attacks, some of them physical, on individuals and organizations daring to challenge the currently fashionable concept of gender

   [...] for asserting the right of women to organize for their liberation separately from men, including M>F (male to female) transgendered people.

   [...] trans activists accuse scheduled speakers of hate speech and/or being transphobic because they dare to analyze gender from a feminist political perspective. Both M>F transgender people and “men’s rights” groups, operating separately but using similar language, demand to be included in the Rad Fem 2013 conference in London called to fight against women’s oppression and for liberation.

   How did we slide back to the point where radical feminists have to fight for the right to hold women-only conferences and criticize conventional “gender roles”?» Forbidden Discourse

   Lo que me recuerda a Kat Blaque Do I Belong In Black Cis Female Spaces? 2020, y también a la demanda (aceptada) contra Mary Daly por negarse a dar clases mixtas de feminismo 201, alegando que la presencia de varones cohibía la discusión (cf. Tess Pierce Men in Women's Studies: The Mary Daly Case 1999), y quien en Gyn/Ecology 1978 comparaba el fenómeno drag queen con el de blackface. El uso reiterado de «concerned» me recuerda además a ContraPoints J.K. Rowling 2021 y su discusión de la «indirect bigotry» (21:40). Por último, recomiendo Lily Alexandre Girls Own the Void: Trans Women, Alienation, and Metastability 2021, que explora la posibilidad de la existencia de una ontología diferenciada trans, y Ayme Roman Feminismo y activismos trans: una lectura alternativa 2020, todo un tour de force en el tema.
   Shulamith Firestone (The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution 1970),
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   También cofundadora de Redstockings y New York Radical Feminists. Una de las editoras del periódico Notes (Notes from the First Year 1968, Second 1970, Third 1971), donde aparecen (casi) todos los ensayos mencionados, así como muchos otros tan o más relevantes, como el de Lucinda Cisler, que predijo las estrategias anti-abortistas de 2010s (aka Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers, TRAP).
   y Pam Allen (Free Space: A Perspective on the Small Group in Women's Liberation 1970). Group of friends in their twenties who were part of the New Left (1960s-70s) and had grown tired of the male-dominated civil rights and antiwar movements and men who they saw as still preferring their female counterparts to stay at home. Primera escisión importante del feminismo liberal en radical, se rompe a su vez en el politico-feminist split:
   1. the "politicos" were socialist feminists: attributed the oppression of women to capitalism, seeking to ally with other leftist causes —such as the New Left, black liberation movement, student movement, and anti-war movement— in a wider socio-political movement to bring about revolutionary change. Inspiradas por las acciones de Youth International Party (aka Yippies, 1967), that promote its message by shocking and offending mainstream American sensibilities, se fusionan en W.I.T.C.H. (Women's International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell, Morgan).
   2. the "(radical) feminists": saw women's oppression as the only result of an ongoing and deliberate male supremacy (patriarchy), i.e., "a set of material, institutionalized relations, not just bad attitudes"; anti-psicologistas,
      5

      I.e., afirman que no hay una diferencia inherente entre la psicología de hombres y mujeres, y que las diferencias percibidas son derivadas de la socialización de género, cf. Wikipedia Socialization#Gender_socialization, Stereotype threat, Neuroscience of sex differences y Neurosexism (acuñado en Fine Will Working Mothers' Brains Explode? The Popular New Genre of Neurosexism 2008, PhD en psicología 2001). Sobre los dos últimos, recuérdense las limitaciones de la ciencia en este tipo de asesoramientos (e.g., Feyerabend Against Method 1975), y también la existencia de feminismos esencialistas defendidos desde otras disciplinas: Chodorow (PhD 1975 en sociología psicoanalítica protofeminista) The Reproduction of Mothering 1978, Gilligan (PhD 1964 en psicología social) In a Different Voice 1982 o Daly (PhD 1953 en religión, MA en filología inglesa y PhD en filosofía teológica, madre de la teología feminista cristiana) Beyond God the Father 1973 y Gyn/Ecology 1978.
      en contraposición a Atkinson, holding individual men responsible for this oppression, and viewing institutions and systems (marriage,
      6

      En defensa de WITCH, y apelando a Debord, es fácil imaginar cómo estas instituciones se moldean entorno a las necesidades capitalistas (o cómo éstas las asimilan y pervierten), cf. Salari How Weddings Exploit your Love & Wallet - The Wedding Industrial Complex 2021. Y en defensa de Redstockings, también es fácil imaginar que el capitalismo puede explotarnos de esta manera sólo porque hay unos valores implícitos patriarcales: aunque sean necesidades artificiales comodificadas, apuntan hacia necesidades sociales (y por ende, constructos) subyacentes, cf. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Feminist Metaphysics.
      family, prostitution, heterosexuality...) as mere vehicles of conscious male intent. Fundan Redstockings (Ellen Willis y Firestone).
2. Atkinson (antología Amazon Odyssey 1974) led "a radical split-off from NOW",
   7

   National Organization for Women (1966): principal organización del feminismo liberal, cofundada por una de sus mayores representantes de la segunda ola, Betty Friedan (The Feminine Mystique 1963).
   which became known as The Feminists (aka A Political Organization to Annihilate Sex Roles, 1968-1973). Held that women were oppressed by their internalization of patriarchal sex roles, and hence suffered from a kind of false consciousness.
   8

   O mauvaise foi, en terminología de Sartre-Beauvoir.
   To liberate themselves from such oppressive roles, they must be entirely autonomous from men and should be free of men in their personal lives as well (cf. Wikipedia cultural feminism, political lesbianism, separatist feminism,
   9

   Valerie Solanas SCUM Manifesto 1967, Cell 16 (1968-73, fundada por Dunbar) No More Fun and Games journal, Del Martin If That All All There Is 1970 (que inicia las comunidades intencionales «Womyn's land»), Schmid y Riddiough Socialist Feminist Theory & Strategy in the Chicago Women’s Liberation Union 1972 y Frye Notes on Separatism and Power 1978 (que distinguen entre ideología y táctica separatista).
   difference feminism
   10

   Manifesto programmatico del Gruppo DEMAU 1966, Carla Lonzi Sputiamo su Hegel, La donna clitoridea e la donna vaginale e altri scritti 1970-2, Irigaray Spéculum de l'autre femme 1974, Annie leclerc Parole de femme 1974, Cixous Le Rire de la Méduse 1975, Victoria Sendón de León Más allá de Ítaca 1988, Grosz Volatile Bodies: Toward a Corporeal Feminism 1994, Kristeva Le Génie féminin 1999...
   ).
   11

   Insistimos, Atkinson es psicologista, seeing sexism as rooted in "complementary patterns of male and female behavior". I.e., considera que hay diferencias esenciales entre hombres y mujeres, y que el patriarcado (y los roles que ha constituido) se ha construido sobre éstas, y que debemos derruir dicha internalización derivada de dichas diferencias ontológicas para poderlas ver puramente (en una suerte de reducción fenomenológica husserliana).
   The group was strongly opposed to the sexual revolution, holding that it was simply a way for men to get easier access to women's bodies.
   12

   Women Against Pornography 1978, Dworkin Woman Hating 1974 y Pornography 1981, Sheila Jeffreys Anticlimax 1990 y The Industrial Vagina 2008, Gail Dines Pornography 1997 y Pornland 2010. Paralelamente, Friedman & Yankowski Quest: A Feminist Quarterly 1976 propone la creación de un porno feminista como respuesta a Snuff 1976, que se materializa en Femme Productions (Candida Royalle 1984), On Our Backs (lésbico, Susie Bright 1984) y Post Porn Modernist Show (1989-95, Annie Sprinkle PhD 2002 Providing Educational Opportunities For Adult Industry Workers), que pavimenta el camino para autoras actuales como Lust y Miller (youtuber desde 2016), entrevistadas en Víctor Láser Erika Lust: «Veo el porno como una herramienta de educación» 2012 y Carlota E. Ramírez Amarna Miller, actriz porno feminista: "No es labor del feminismo modificar los deseos de nadie" 2016.

   Starting in 1979 (Feminism, Moralism, and Pornography), Redstockings' Willis wrote a number of essays that were highly critical of anti-pornography feminism, criticizing it for what she saw as its sexual puritanism and moral authoritarianism, as well as its threat to free speech, dando lugar a la feminist sex wars. Su ensayo Lust Horizons: Is the Women's Movement Pro-Sex? 1981 acuña la expresión, y el lipstick feminism de la tercera ola tomará el relevo de esta línea de pensamiento. Germaine Greer The Female Eunuch 1970, y su denuncia de la represión sexual femenina, puede verse como un precedente, mientras que Eve Ensler The Vagina Monologues 1996, y su exploración de la experiencia femenina, puede considerarse un descendiente, y mismamente con Sofia Coppola The Virgin Suicides 1999, cf. Broey Deschanel Sofia Coppola: The Politics of Pretty 2020.

   Betty Dodson (Sex for One 1996) became active in the sex-positive movement in the late 1960s, doing bodysex workshops with two-hour masturbation sessions. Important in redefined sexuality, not in terms of simply pleasing men, but recognizing women's sexual satisfaction and sexual desire (freedom from heterosexual act, and freedom from reproduction).

   Similarly, Koedt (The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm 1968) views the institution of "normal" sexual intercourse as being focused mainly on male sexual or erotic pleasure, while Atkinson viewed it mainly in terms of reproduction. In contrast to the Redstockings, The Feminists generally considered genitally focused sexuality to be inherently male. P. B. Preciado Manifiesto contrasexual 2002, y su exploración de otras formas de sexualización (como la masturbación del brazo), puede considerarse un descendiente de esta última línea de pensamiento.
3. New York Radical Feminists (1969), founded by Firestone and Anne Koedt after they had left Redstockings and The Feminists respectively, though left at 1970. Biologically determinist line: they argued that men dominated women not so much for material benefits (Redstockings) as for the ego satisfaction intrinsic in domination. Similarly, they rejected the Redstockings view that women submitted only out of necessity or The Feminists' implicit view that they submitted out of cowardice, but instead argued that social conditioning simply led most women to accept a submissive role as "right and natural".

Complementos: Wikipedia History of feminism, Feminist movements and ideologies, Feminist theory y List of feminist literature.

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En Wikipedia Feminism hay un listado de «major works», si bien su brevedad obliga al cherry picking; más representativo, creo, es tomar como major works las obras con enlace propio en la lista completa.

1 Adenda: algunos hitos sociales

1. Haven House 1964: first women's shelter, a place of temporary protection and support for women escaping domestic violence.
2. Washington D.C. Rape Crisis Center 1972
   1. Take Back the Night marches 1975
3. Health activists decried the “doctor knows best” model of care, noting that the professionalization of medical care had excluded women as both providers and consumers of medical care.
   14

   Cf. Sandra Morgen Into Our Own Hands: The Women's Health Movement in the United States, 1969-1990 (2002), Amy Westervelt The medical research gender gap: how excluding women from clinical trials is hurting our health 2015 y Gabrielle Jackson The female problem: how male bias in medical trials ruined women's health 2019.
   Split response:
   1. Women's Health Book Collective (Our Bodies Ourselves) 1970: aid to self-help
   2. Federation of Feminist Women's Health Centers (e.g., Atlanta 1975)
4. Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press 1972
5. International Women's Writing Guild 1976
6. National Museum of Women in the Arts 1987

2 Adenda: doxografía del misionero (pinceladas)

Artemidos (c. II dC) popularized the missionary position among Greco-Roman Stoics, declaring it "the only proper and natural" position due to the flow of semen; used to distinguish "bestial and civilized sex."

15

Hardy, Simon (2004). "The Greeks, Eroticism and Ourselves". Sexualities. 7 (2): 201. doi:10.1177/1363460704042164. ISSN 1363-4607. S2CID 144683416.

From the 6th to 16th centuries, some Church authorities taught that intercourse should be face-to-face, man-on-top, primarily because they believed that semen flows with gravity, leading to conception.

16

Priest, Robert J. (2001). "Missionary Positions: Christian, Modernist, and Postmodernist". Current Anthropology. 42 (1): 29–68. doi:10.1086/318433. PMID 14992209. S2CID 224796898.

Thomas Aquinas believed that crimes against nature included intercourse in "unnatural" ways.

17

John Bancroft Human Sexuality and Its Problems 2009

Alexander of Hales and De secretis mulierum suggested that nonstandard positions might result in birth defects.

18

Brundage, James A. Law, sex, and Christian society in medieval Europe 1990

William Peraldus Summa de virtutibus et vitiis distinguished between sins against nature that were "according to the substance" (intercourse other than vaginal) and "according to the manner, as when a woman mounts."

19

Karras, Ruth Mazo. Sexuality in Medieval Europe: Doing Unto Others 2017, p. 83.

Many US states formerly outlawed oral sex, anal sex, buggery, or other "unnatural" acts, no US law has banned dorso-ventral heterosexual sex, or specified which partner needed to be on top.

20

Priest ib., p. 39.

Complemento: Intelexual Media A Short History of Virginity 2021